Denials of factual contentions must be what?

• A. Supported by the evidence or by belief or lack of information
• B. Admitted
• C. Disclosed in a separate filing
• D. Limited to trial testimony

Answer: (A)

Denials in a pleading must respond to the substance of the allegation and be grounded in what the party actually knows or believes. If a party does not have knowledge or information sufficient to form a belief about the truth, they should say so, and that statement functions as a denial. This ensures pleadings fairly map out what is truly disputed and what isn’t, guiding later discovery and proceedings. Denials are not required to be admissions, are not kept in a separate filing, and are not limited to trial testimony.