Under Rule 11, which of the following is explicitly listed as an improper purpose?

• A. To harass
• B. To gain an unfair advantage through speculation
• C. To rely on untested theories without factual support
• D. To delay proceedings intentionally

Answer: (A)

Rule 11 forbids filing papers for improper purposes, and it explicitly lists harassment, unnecessary delay, and needless increase in litigation costs as examples of improper purposes. The option that matches this explicit listing is “to harass,” which directly fits the rule’s wording. The other options describe conduct that could be sanctionable for other reasons, but they do not map as clearly to the rule’s explicit examples of improper purposes. If the choice had been “to delay proceedings unnecessarily,” that would also align with Rule 11, but the given explicit item is harassment.